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Dołączył: 16 Lis 2010
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 Wysłany: Pon 10:31, 22 Lis 2010 Temat postu: puma ferrari The York Clifford's Tow puma future c |
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The Jewish Community During the Reign of Henry I of England [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
The Clifford’s Tower Massacre of Jews in 1190
Read on
A History of Medieval Skipton Castle and the Clifford Family
A Tour of Medieval York (The Secular)
The Jewish Massacre at York
Katz, David S The Jews in the History of England [Clarendon Press, 1996]
Sadly, this was not to be the last attack against Jews in Britain and the Jewish community continued to be harassed in King Richard’s absence, with several demands for money from the nobility and royal court. The 1194 Ordinance of the Jewry ensured that all English Jewry transactions were liable to taxation by the English monarch.
Persecution increased throughout the thirteenth century, after Pope Innocent III declared that Jews were doomed to eternal servitude due to their part in the death of Jesus Christ.
The York incident took place on 16 March, which was the Shabbat before Passover. A group of around 150 Jews, alarmed by the previous riots and by the burning of a number of Jewish houses in York, decided to take refuge in the fortified and isolated Clifford’s Tower. The warden of the tower admitted the group, however soon after, the tower was attacked by a rioting mob of crusaders who demanded that the Jews accept Christianity or face death.
The group’s religious leader [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Rabbi Yomtov of Joigney counselled the group to kill themselves rather than renounce their religion and so the father of each family killed his wife and children and then himself. Only a few Jews remained [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and they surrendered to the mob but were afterwards also killed.
The Clifford’s Tower Massacre took place against a background of similar attacks on the Jewish communities of England, and during a time of heightened tension. In 1190, attacks on Jews occurred at Stamford Fair, Bury St Edmunds, Colchester and Thetford.
Montiefore Hyamson, Albert A History of the Jews in England [Forgotten Books, 2010]
Sources
During the reign of Henry I, conditions improved somewhat for Jews and they were allowed to buy and sell goods and property and move around the country of their own free will. Relations between the Jews and the monarchy again began to deteriorate under the reign of Richard I, with attacks on Jews whilst he was away on Crusade.
The massacre happened at a time of heightened tensions between Jews in England and gentile communities. Jewish people had actually been invited into England by William Conqueror in the mid 11th-century and had quickly settled, acting primarily as money lenders; the only trade they were legally allowed to practise.
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