veoexrmpzt
Dołączył: 21 Lut 2011
Posty: 371
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Skąd: England
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 Wysłany: Sob 14:28, 23 Kwi 2011 Temat postu: GHD glätteisen epz buq jjem ogb |
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The reasons for the refusal of credit by Analysis and Prevention Strategies
[Abstract] With the development of economic globalization, international settlement in the letter of credit as an important method of settlement of international trade in has been widely used, but because of the pure credit transactions and documents The complexity of the characteristics, and sometimes there will be letters of credit by non-payment situation. This paper analyzes the credit settlement risks, the reasons for refusal letter of credit was finally put forward the corresponding preventive strategies. [Key words] credit; refusal reason; prevent settlement in international trade, the generally accepted international settlement are: letters of credit, collection, remittance. Letter of credit to the issuing bank's primary bank credit and payment obligations buyers and sellers responsibilities and rights of other characteristics, firmly hold the leading position in international trade settlement. However, settlement of credit operations is the most difficult of three, one of the highest technical requirements, so it is easy to take the credit settlement problems because the document has been dishonored. In recent years, credit has not been collected in the case have occurred, and there is an upward trend, while the credit once they are dishonored, to the export enterprises of loss is enormous. Therefore, the credit research and analysis of the reasons for refusal were able to reduce the losses brought by businesses, but also help promote the cause of the further development of foreign trade. A letter of credit performance and the reasons for refusal were credit refusal is the beneficiary of the documents presented on the surface is not strictly consistent with the letter of credit issuing bank refused to accept the document or documents will not be accepted, the behavior does not meet its payment obligations. According to simplify international trade procedures related to the Department of Statistics, 1970 does not match the rate of 85% of Hong Kong, Australia, were as high as 90%, while the other developed countries does not match the rates are generally higher than 50%. In addition, according to the U.S. University of Michigan Professor Mandy's survey, in 1000 he chose the case of sets of letters of credit were in business volumes, in line with , that is about 73% of the credit business there is discrepancy, we can see that the proportion of credit was much protest. So in the end is what caused the credit has not been collected? In fact, leading to letters of credit was dishonored for many reasons, but the bank is only one reason for refusal letter of credit - the document does not match the variety of document discrepancies, resulting in The reasons vary. Can be divided into the following categories. 1. Document does not match the information with the credit requirements. Does not match the description of the goods and credit documents; presentation of documents does not match the type of credit requested; shares and credit requires presentation of documents is inconsistent. This type of error is often, and it is making the most error-prone document where, once the description of the goods in the credit documents on the collected. Such as letters of credit when an invoice or other document must be written under the letter of credit, particular attention must not be missed 2. Inconsistent information between the various documents. The documents describe the goods, inconsistent; currency inconsistencies between the documents; documents and inconsistent between the marks. The presence of such problems There are several possible reasons: First, making a mistake when the invoice, that invoice in the fill occurs when the content of invoices and credit inconsistency. Because the invoice is making the fundamental basis of other documents, the source of the error, the natural other documents will be wrong. Second, there is no letter of credit to versions and other documents as the basis, but rather to the system to do under the contract documents. 3. Letters of credit expire. The buyer and the seller agreed to pay the purchase price when the letter of credit, the issuing bank to open a letter of credit, letters of credit will indicate the validity of documents submitted in the Letter of Credit shall be deemed invalid, the bank will take this protest. The reason for this result may be because Dan Zhengyuan open to receiving foreign letters of credit, no credit check carefully the first part of the basic credit information,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], such as the nature of letters of credit, the issuing date, to of date, no later than the date of shipment, and thus did not follow the letter of credit arrangements for cargo inspection requirements in a timely manner, customs,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], shipping,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and ultimately resulted in the validity period of the credit to the bank for negotiation, so that letters of credit expire. 4. Expired sellers. That did not pay a single date within the time specified the timely submission of documents, in accordance with the In this period must be submitted documents comply with credit terms. If no such requirement, banks will not accept 21 days from the date of shipment of the documents submitted, but in any case, the documents submitted not later than the expiry date of the credit. Thus, documents submitted to time there are strict requirements, and it is very important. Expired pay a single cause there are two main reasons: one is due to the delay in importing the relevant letters of credit opened, delayed the export side of the stocking and shipping, due to reduced stocking, shipping time, so that in the production of relevant documents time to time constraints, coupled with the time to send one, it is possible to pay will result in a single overdue. On the other hand may be due to delays caused by mail. For example, after the shipment sent to the exporter the relevant documents, but due to postal error, and finally to the issuing bank or nominated under the row over the latest pay a single day. 5. Date of shipment. In the letter of credit, usually defined time of shipment of export goods is in itself an export commodity inspection, customs clearance procedures, according to the carrier or his agent within the specified time of delivery to the required location waiting for loading or loading aircraft. Carrier or its agent to receive the goods loaded on transport and shipping documents issued to the shipper. The shipping documents on the date of issuance is the date of shipment. Mainly due to freight shipping date and plant problems. Currently, most of the import and export freight forwarding companies are looking for is responsible for cargo booking, shipment. If the exporter does not prompt attention every step of the operation of freight forwarding, for example, the container to the factory time, loading time, confirmed the bill of lading, customs, etc., it may delay shipment. On the other hand, whether it is foreign trade companies or factories, factory orders if more than a good salesman can not arrange shipping period, production can not be reached before loading, it will also delay the shipment, resulting in overdue shipment. 6. Transport document. Dirty bill of lading; shipping of the beneficiary, but no transport document or his agent but the bill of lading issued by the forwarding agent. 7. Insurance documents. Insurance amount, premium rate and credit does not match; insurance and credit insurance does not match; date of issuance of insurance documents later than the date of issuance of transport documents. Second, the letter of credit was dishonored on Enterprises when it comes to credit is Because the import bank's In other words, commodity exports, foreign bank's commitment to ensure that the loss of pay, and exporters have not received payment possible. Ranging from reduction, return; weight is down the drain, and goods, both empty. Fear is the heart of most people, operators may even be in danger of bankruptcy. In addition, a growing number of private enterprises now have made import and export rights, most of them own their own production and exports. However, due to lack of experience many of the export of private enterprises, lack of preparation and therefore are likely to protest the increases. Inexperienced in the issuing bank receives notice of proposed discrepancy, they often panic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], rush to accept customer requests for lower prices, a direct result of the economic loss. Some enterprises have thought through the legal channels, but the cost of litigation is much higher than the value of goods, most private enterprises simply can not afford to fight the lawsuit. Example, a foreign trade enterprise in China with a Hong Kong clothing companies have signed a contract. A few days after the shipment, the exporter issuing bank in Hong Kong received a are not marked, so, the other finds this is a This is a nearly 160 million dollars in loans, only because a few numbers to face protest,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], threatening the survival of the enterprise.
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