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How to Study Buddhism
What is Bodhicitta?
In many Theravada texts,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the Buddha is described as an Arhat, one who has completely extinguished birth and death. An Arhat is not reborn in any realm. This is the highest spiritual achievement, the goal of all meditation and practice. The Arhat is the final stage of four stages of spiritual evolution – the stream-enterer, the once-returner, the non-returner and the Arhat.
Arhat and Bodhisattva are commonly understood terms in Buddhism. The Arhat is the pinnacle of spiritual achievement as mentioned in the Theravada scriptures, while the Bodhisattva is an ideal which spiritual seekers aim for in order to achieve Buddhahood.
The stream-enterer is one who has entered the path of Nirvana and within a maximum of 7 rebirths will attain to the level of Arhat. He cannot go back into the realm of suffering. The once-returner as the name suggests is reborn only once before he becomes an Arhat. The non-returner has no more rebirths in the lower realms but has not yet become an Arhat. The Arhat is one who has extinguished all desire, all ignorance which leads to rebirth.
There are several sects within Buddhism, the main ones being the Theravada (also called Hinayana) and the other being Mahayana. Arhat is a term used by the Theravada sect, while Bodhisattva is used by the Mahayana. And there is some amount of debate among the Buddhists on these terms and what they signify. In order to understand what this means, it is important to learn the context n which the terms are used.
What is an Arhat in Buddhism
What is the Bodhisattva
There is a distinction which is made between the Buddha and the Arhat. A Buddha is one who discovers the supreme path with his own efforts,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], without recourse to a teacher. The Arhat on the other hand achieves Buddhahood but with the guidance from a Buddha. There is another category called Solitary Buddhas or Pratyeka Buddhas,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], who also become Buddhas without any teacher,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but they are unable to teach others. It is mentioned in several texts that after his disciples became Arhats, the Buddha sent them all across the land to preach the Dhamma.
Bodhisattva, which is the Mahayana ideal, is someone who has taken the vow to save all sentient beings, wherever they are however innumerable they are, from ignorance and the rounds of rebirth and until then, he does not enter Nirvana. In order words, he does not free himself until he has helped each and every other being to free themselves. The Bodhisattva willingly gets reborn in order to fulfill his vow.
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